Proto-Duodoseic language

Hypothetical ancestor of Duodoseic languages.

Phonology
PDuo contrary to the common sound changes of Nuclear koyanic languages, it merges Palatals and Uvular consonants into the velar /k kʰ/, the way the laryngeals only colour the vowels but do nothing else. In all other languages they have some secondary effect (kát tone, qʼač ejectives, gäj voicing), *x₂ becoming /e/ when not next to a vowel but *ɑ becoming /o/, in all other langs *x₂ and *ɑ remain associated with each other.

While in theory you could still describe this as being more closely related with some weird sound changes, it definitely seems like the most divergent language so far, so not part of the nuclear group.

Colouring of laryngeals

 * x₁ə(ː) > ˣi(ː) — *ɲ̊l̥x₁ə > ɲsí "herb"
 * x₂ə(ː) > ˣä(ː) — *qx₂əc > *qˣä́k "one"
 * x₃ə(ː) > ˣo(ː) — *x₃əm > *ˣóm "five"
 * ə(ː)x₁ > iˣ(ː) — *tr̥əx₁s > *cisʼ "to count"
 * ə(ː)x₂ > aˣ(ː) — *ə́x₂stʰx₁t > *ástʰit "tree"
 * ə(ː)x₃ > oˣ(ː) — *m̥əx₃l̥ > *pósʼ "blood"
 * x₁ > *e̤ —
 * x₂ > *e̤ —
 * x₃ > *o̤ — *ɑ́ːqsx₃z > *ṓkso̤z "high land"

Käkalization

 * c > k —
 * cʰ > kʰ —
 * q > k —
 * qʰ > kʰ —

Glottalization of consonants

 * p > pʼ in glottalising environments —
 * t > tʼ in glottalising environments —
 * k > kʼ in glottalising environments —
 * s > sʼ in glottalising environments —

Vowel shift

 * *ə > *e — *ʡə́ːmʊ > *ħḗmo "eye"
 * *i > *e — *íːsiː > *ḗsē "water"
 * *ɑ > *o — *ɑ́ːtmə > *ṓtme "river"
 * *ʊ > *u — *lɑ́ːrʊ > *lṓru "jaw, chin"

Merger of semi vowels

 * *ẙ > y —
 * *w̥ > w —

Assibilation of voiceless liquids

 * l̥, r̥ > s — *tr̥əx₁s > *tsisʼ "to count"; *ʡəːx₃l̥ > *ħōsʼ "to turn around, spin"
 * l̥l r̥l l̥r r̥r → *c [t͡s] — *ír̥lʊy > *écoy "ball"

Voicing of Consonants intervocalically

 * *p > *b —
 * *t > *d —
 * *k > *g —

Merger of *mn
Reflex of *ŋ Voiceless nasals become voiced:
 * *mn > *n —
 * ŋ > *x —


 * *m̥ > m — *nx₂əm̥ > *nˣäm "three"
 * *n̥ > n — *ŋəːx₂n̥s > xāˣn s "malaise"
 * *ɲ̊ > ɲ — *ɲ̊l̥x₁ə > ɲsí "herb"
 * *ŋ̊ > ŋ — *ŋ̊x₃ək > *xˣok "to insult"

Spirantization of *ʡ

 * *ʡ > *ħ — *ʡəx₃z > *ħɔz "to cook"