Old Cisi

Cisi is a language with several dialects.

Consonants
Consonant correspondencies with Alöbi

Vowels
Vowel correspondencies with Alöbi

Syllable structure
The syllable structure is simple, as (C¹)V(C²)


 * C¹ is any consonant
 * V is any vowel
 * C² is any fricative, nasal, affricate or approximant or r.

Pronouns
Pronouns in Old-Cisi are numerous, approximately 44 pronouns, all which are derived from nominal morphology, Noz, Tÿñ, Oso and Yuz are the only pronouns Old-Cisi did not innovate, other pronouns are either a collection of Nominal morphology or borrows from other languages such as Yaz and Wo Coming from Atteric and Dreic languages they are only found in bilingual communities of Ansang or Shote/Telehe. Pronouns in Old-Cisi are a lot new, with aglutinative morphemes, likewise in the plural of nominative pronouns uñ- is derived from nuñ "grow, increase, develop" and in accusative pronouns nu- is derived from nu "nose", in genitive pronouns pin- is derived from pin "gather up" and no- is derived from noz (ego, self, identity)

A note Noz (Ego), Miyaz (alone, solitary), Miyÿ (reciprocal term of address) and Muh (Familiar) can be taken as several neo-pronouns.

Pÿhi (my shoulder) Yuzxay (you fall, knock down, tip over) Rÿn (outside)

Plural Marking
Plural marking in Cisi comes from a Proto-Upic form i- and hu-   they are reflected as i- and xu-, a simple system but evolves to encode quite a lot in Cisi, attached in verbs without a class you nomalize the verb, example   i-nax "piece of food"

Plural marking is not used in common speech, because older productive plural suffixes became unproductive, resulting in many ways to mark plural, often times being borrowed neighboring languages such as Telehe and Ansang. A Dialect that preserved Plural marking in two ways. In some dialects the Plural marking from Proto-Cisi i- and hu- still are used, but restricted to verbs like the example, other communities use it.

Cisi also features older productive forms of Collective, Dual and Paucal number, they are -wac for the collective, -yÿx for the Dual number borrowed from Shote -yėr [jɤ̞ɾ].
 * Reduplication, voicing the consonant or changing the reduplicated vowels to ÿ.

Noun Case
Innovate morphology is already a characteristic of Cisi, it coined a whole case marking with existing nominal morphology being grammaticalized onto it.


 * nu- for the Accusative case, often times borrowed from Shote in bilingual communities -č is borrowed as -ç, considering both as a circumfix nu-...-ç.
 * pin- for the Genitive case, often times borrowed from Shote in billingual communities -l is borrowed as -s, considering both as a circumfix pin-...-s.

Reduplication and other functions
Not only they mark the plural, reduplication also has other functions like specifying particular nouns, iterate intransitives, directionless intransitives and normally talk about "made out of X" X being the reduplicated noun.

"Made out of X"
Here the reduplication is a bit different, partial reduplication taking the first CV and reduplicating it to form the meaning of "made out of X" çox~çÿ

rock~PL

'made out of rocks' khiç~khÿ

bamboo~PL

'made out of bamboo' am~ÿ

house~PL

'made out of houses'

Numbers
It is theorized that Cisi is a Upic language, showed bellow a comparizions of numbers in Proto-Upic and Cisi, the theory is that Cisi borrowed other numbers from Proto-Attere but innovated the number 10 merging Upic root for hand and attaching the -yÿx suffix borrowed from Shote -yėr ( cognate with old-Telehe dual -yēx).

Diachronics
Diachronics notes of Cisi.

Key:


 * N  = {m n}
 * P  = {p t c k q}
 * Pʼ = {pʼ tʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ}
 * B = {m n ŋ p t tɬ tʃ k q ɸ ɬ s x χ j w}
 * F  = {s ç x h}
 * R  = {w l j ʁ}

From Proto-Upic to Proto-Cisi


 * x r l > χ ʁ ɬ
 * Nw Nɬ Nj Nʁ > m n n ŋ
 * Pw Pɬ Pj Pʁ > p tɬ c q
 * Pʼw Pʼɬ Pʼj Pʼʁ > pʼ tɬʼ cʼ qʼ
 * Fw Fɬ Fj Fʁ > ɸ ɬ ç χ
 * Lw Lɬ Lj Lʁ > w ɬ j ʁ
 * n > ŋ / _# _K
 * ç h > x

From Proto-Cisi to Old-Cisi around 500BGS


 * pʼ tʼ tɬʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ > pɸ tɬ tɬ tʃ kx qχ
 * c > t
 * t > tʃ / _i i_# i_C
 * p t k q > ɸ s x χ / _#
 * iː uː aː oː > ijə uwə ija uwo / #C_C#
 * VːBV > VBːV
 * iː uː aː oː > i u a o
 * p t tɬ tʃ k > b d dɮ dʒ g / V_V
 * mː nː ŋː > mb nd ŋg
 * pː tː tɬː tʃː kː qː > p t tɬ tʃ k q
 * ɸː ɬː sː xː χː > pɸ tɬ tʃ kx qχ
 * wː jː > b dʒ
 * qχ χ ʁ > ħ ħ ʕ

Pronouns of Proto-Cisi
Pronouns of Proto-Cisi are the least but they represent a great step for the Old-Cisi pronouns which are numerous to say the least, Most of the Neo-pronouns innovated from Proto-C > Old-Cisi with compounding the nominal morphology and other elements, Grammatical case is also innovated in Old-Cisi with nu- in Accusative pronouns and pin- for genitive pronouns.