Proto-Duodoseic language

Hypothetical ancestor of Duodoseic languages.

Phonology
PDuo contrary to the common sound changes of Nuclear koyanic languages, it merges Palatals and Uvular consonants into the velar /k kʰ/, the way the laryngeals only colour the vowels but do nothing else. In all other languages they have some secondary effect (kát tone, qʼač ejectives, gäj voicing), *x₂ becoming /e/ when not next to a vowel but *ɑ becoming /o/, in all other langs *x₂ and *ɑ remain associated with each other.

While in theory you could still describe this as being more closely related with some weird sound changes, it definitely seems like the most divergent language so far, so not part of the nuclear group.

Pre-Proto-Qak
Pre-Proto-Qak is a reconstructible intermediate stage between Proto-Koyanic and Proto-Kát. It is characterised by four important developments that gave its personality:


 * 1) Voiceless Liquids and Nasals become Voiced.
 * 2) Initial laryngeals are retained as *h.
 * 3) Consonants voice adjacent to laryngeals.
 * 4) Late Koyanic vowels behave similarly to PAQ

Early-Proto-Qak

 * *c *cʰ > *k *kʰ
 * q *qʰ> *k *kʰ

Glottalization of consonants

 * p > b in glottalising environments
 * t > d in glottalising environments
 * k > g in glottalising environments

Lowering of glottalized vowel

 * iˀ īˀ > e₁ ē₁
 * ˀi ˀī > e₂ ē₂
 * aˀ āˀ > a₁ ā₁
 * ˀa ˀā > a₂ ā₂
 * uˀ ū > o₁ ō₁
 * ˀu ˀū > o₂ ō₂

Debuccalization

 * *s > *h
 * *z > *h

Palatization
Consonants followed by consonantal *y were palatalized, producing various affricate consonants
 * *py > *pt
 * by > *dz
 * *ty > *ts
 * di > *dz
 * *ky > *ks
 * gy > *dz

Assibilation of voiceless liquids

 * L̥ > ts
 * L̥L̥ > ts

Voicing of Consonants intervocalically

 * *p > *b
 * *t > *d
 * *k > *g
 * ts > *dz

Merger of *mn
Voiceless resonants become voiced:
 * *mn > *n


 * *m̥ > m
 * *n̥ > n
 * *ɲ̊ > ɲ
 * *ŋ ̊ > ŋ

Spirantization of *ʡ

 * *ʡ > *h

Post-Proto-Qak changes

 * Palatals become full consonants, /ty dz > ts dz > s z/.
 * Glottal consonants are dropped /h > ∅/.
 * V₂ diphthongize /Vi/.
 * Some dialects lost the length distinction.
 * Strengthening of word-initial y- to dy- > dz-.
 * Final /m/ > /n/.

Plurals
PDuo nominal plurals are often marked by /-te/ the ancient plural form of the genitives became unproductive.

Verbs
present irrealis is from conditional, present realis is from simple present. Irrealis past is from simple past and realis is from perfective

Vocabulary
notes:

* tx₃ə̄́mpa "island" > dṓ₂mpa > dṓimpa

* úcʰx₂ə̄ "big land" > úkʰā₂ > úhāi